India Power- December 2008 Statistics

Total power generation increased by 1.53% in December 2008 as compared to December 2007
%age increase in thermal and nuclear generation = 3.36%
%age increase in hydel generation = 10.58%
Total power generation 50.14 billion units.
Share of central sector --> ~ 25 billion units
Share of state sector -- > ~ 29 billion units

Coal as a fuel

Worldwide, coal is right now the most widely used primary fuel, accounting for approximatley 36% of global electricity production. It is expected to remain same till at least 2020.
----> South Africa:
- About 77% of country's primary energy needs are provided by coal.
- Produces an average of 224 million tonnes of marketable coal annually.
- 5th largest coal producing country in the world
- Coal reserves expected to be 53 billion tonnes
----> India:
- Around 63% of electric generation through thermal power (90,000 MW of 1,41,000 MW)
- Indian Coal is generally with low GCV, high ash content.

Capacities

----> Total installed power plant capacity in World: 28,12,000 MW
----> Total installed power plant capacity in India: 1,41,000 MW
----> % of Nuclear power in Total installed power stations in world: 14%
----> % of Hydor-electric power power plants in Total installed power stations in world: 24% (Around 6,75,000 MW)
----> Total installed power plant capacity in US: 5,00,000 MW
----> % of Nuclear power power plants in Total installed power stations in US: 20% (Around 1,00,000 MW

----> Largest Hydro-electric power station in the world: Itaipu power plant, Jointly owned by Brazil and Paraguay, producing 12,600 MW
----> Second largest Hydro-electric power station in the world: Guri Power plant, Caroni River Venezuela, producing 10,300 MW
----> Largest Hydro-electric power station in US: Grand Coulee power station, Columbia River, Washington, producing 7,600 MW being upgraded to 10,080 MW.

Hydropower

Hydropower
---> 24% of world's electricity
Combined total of 6,75,000 MW
More than 2000 Hydroelectric power plants operating in United states
Largest Hydroelectric power plant: Itaipu Power plant, Jointly owned by Brazil and Paraguay, can produce 12,600 MW.

Nuclear Power

Watts Bar1: Came online on Feb7 1996, last commercial nuclear reactor to go on-line.
----> Quoted as evidence of succesful worldwide campaign of nuclear power phase-out.
In US, 104 nuclear plants generate 1,00,000 MW approximatley 20% of nation's total electric consumption.
---->It's the largest suppier of nuclear power.

Calculate fuel flow

Fuel flow to a boiler is calculated as,

Fuel flow = (Heat duty x 1000 x 3.6) / (4.2 x GCV x Efficiency /100)

Dulongs formula for GCV calculation

If we know the ultimate analysis of fuel, we can easily calculate its GCV.
The basic principle is that there are only 3 components in a fuel which generate heat. These are:
Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulphur.
According to Dulong's formula gross calorific value of a fuel is;
GCV = ((35.5 x C + 114.8 x H + 9.5 x S – 14.5 x O) x 1000) / (100 x 4.1868)
Each multiple of carbon, hydrogen and sulphur represents heat generated by its one mole.
The formula gives GCV in kcal/kg. Simple isnt it !

Boiler Heat Duty

Boiler heat duty = Tonnes per hour of steam generated x (Enthalpy of main steam - Enthalpy of feed water)

Various systems of a coal fired power plant

•Coal Handling System: Consisting of crushers, conveyors, belts etc.
•Water treatment plant: Consisting of RO system, cation and anion exchangers, DM system, mixed bed system.
•Boiler package: PF, AFBC, CFBC etc.
•Turbine package: Consisting of turbine, generator, condensor (Air cooled or water cooled)
•Condensate system: With water cooled or air cooled condensor.
•Plant air system: Consisting of compressors, receivers
•Ash handling system: Slurry system or dense phase pneumatic ash handling system
•Electrical system including generation and distribution: Consisting of busbars, transformers, circuit brakers, MCC etc.
•Control and instrumentation along with DCS.: Consisting of transmitters, guages, PLC, DCS with the associated communication cables.
•Civil: With or without piling
•BOP package ( Air conditioning, ventilation, fire fighting, Public address system, plant illumination)

Types of steam Generators

Steam Generator Basics

Steam Generator is based on Rankine cycle

•Definition: Equipment which produces steam from water with heat from fuel. Steam generator is also conventionally known as boiler.

•Fuel analysis:
•a) Proximate analysis: Includes Fixed carbon, Volatile matter, Moisture and Ash %ages by mass.
•B) Ultimate analysis: Gives respective C, H, O, N, S, M, Ash %ages by mass.